Tata ruang kota adalah kebijakan perencanaan untuk menata ruang kota, baik itu di lingkup nasional, regional, hingga lokal. Agar wilayah kota menjadi teratur, pemerintah perlu merencanakan dengan matang tata ruang kota agar tertib dan tidak melahirkan masalah sosial di masyarakat.
Ruang lingkup tata ruang kota mencakup kebutuhan perekonomian, sosial, dan kebudayaan. Ketiga hal itu merupakan aspek kebutuhan masyarakat yang harus diefisienkan melalui kebijakan tata ruang kota. Kawasan kota sendiri lazimnya terdiri atas penduduk yang heterogen, serta berasal dari berbagai latar belakang sosial-budaya.
Dari pengertiannya, laman Kemendikbud menuliskan bahwa kota adalah sistem jaringan kehidupan manusia yang ditandai oleh strata sosial ekonomi yang heterogen serta bercorak materialistis. Dengan begitu, penduduk perkotaan memiliki aktivitas yang lebih bersifat ekonomis dan mengarah pada sistem industri.
Adapun sebagai sebuah kawasan, kota memiliki struktur keruangan dan penataan ruang sedemikian rupa sebagai bentuk penyesuaian dengan karakteristik wilayah kota itu sendiri. Berikut merupakan penjelasan mengenai struktur keruangan dan penataan ruang kota sebagaimana tercantum dalam Geografi (2020) yang ditulis Ardiansyah Paramita
Teori-teori Struktur Keruangan Kota
Perkembangan struktur keruangan kota dapat dijelaskan melalui beberapa teori sebagai berikut:
Teori Konsentris. Teori Konsentris menyatakan bahwa ruang kota berkembang secara teratur mulai dari bagian inti kota, sehingga strukturnya tertata rapi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, teori ini membagi kota menjadi beberapa zona sebagai berikut: Daerah pusat kegiatan (central business district) Zona peralihan (transition zone) Zona tempat tinggal para pekerja (zones of working men’s home) Zona daerah tempat tinggal kelas menengah (zone of middle class dwellers) Zona tempat tinggal para penglaju (zone of commuters)
Teori Sektor. Teori ini melihat bahwa pertumbuhan kota tidak hanya dimulai dari bagian inti kota, tetapi dari wilayah sektoral. Adapun Teori Sektor terbagi menjadi daerah pusat, daerah manufaktur, serta daerah pemukiman kelas rendah, menengah, dan tinggi.
Teori Ketinggian Bangunan. Dicetuskan oleh Bergell (1955), teori ini menekankan bahwa aspek ketinggian bangunan perlu diperhatikan dalam perumusan pola penggunaan lahan untuk menggambarkan pola ketinggian masing-masing lingkup. Dengan demikian, struktur kota dapat tertata.
Teori Inti Ganda. Teori inti ganda dikembangkan oleh C.D. Harris dan F.L. Ullmann (1945). Teori ini melihat bahwa inti kota tidak konsen di satu titik dan tidak memiliki urutan yang teratur. Sebaliknya, Teori Inti Ganda menyatakan bahwa inti kota ada di beberapa zona dan terbentuk secara terus-menerus. Sehingga, terdapat beberapa pusat kegiatan baru yang terpisah, misalnya kompleks pemerintahan, pelabuhan, dan kompleks kegiatan ekonomi.
Tata Ruang Kota: Karakteristik dan Aspeknya
Perencanaan penataan ruang perlu dilakukan dengan matang guna menyesuaikan fungsi kota sebagai pusat kegiatan masyarakatnya.
Berikut ini merupakan aspek-aspek yang perlu dicermati dalam perencanaan tata ruang kota:
- Aspek sosial, meliputi kondisi kependudukan, pendidikan, agama, status sosial dan struktur sosial masyarakat.
- Aspek ekonomi, meliputi pendapatan perkapita, produksi, perdagangan, pertambangan, dan sebagainya.
- Aspek fisik, meliputi kondisi relief, tanah, dan lain-lain. Selain itu, kawasan kota umumnya dihuni oleh penduduk yang heterogen dengan ciri bermata pencaharian di bidang non-agraris.
Adapun karakteristik tersebut memengaruhi pemanfaatan lahan kota ke dalam penataan ruang kota yang memiliki bentuk-bentuk berikut:
- Perumahan Kondisi dan struktur masyarakat kota yang kompleks dan padat penduduk membuat lahan di wilayah ini dimanfaatkan menjadi perumahan yang rapat atau berhimpitan.
- Industri Hal ini didasarkan pada sumber daya yang ada di kota, terbagi menjadi:
- Industri berhaluan bahan (bahan mentah harus diperhitungkan secara khusus), berlokasi di tempat terdapatnya bahan mentah tersebut.
- Industri berhaluan pekerja, berlokasi di tempat tenaga kerja, yaitu pengerjaan bahan industri yang memerlukan keahlian khusus.
- Jasa Adapun jasa yang menggunakan lahan kota antara lain adalah jalan, terminal, rel kereta api, dan stasiun.
- Sarana Pemerintahan Sarana pemerintahan seperti gedung kantor dibangun lantaran kota merupakan pusat pemerintahan.
- Tempat Pemasaran Lahan perkotaan dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan perdagangan seperti pasar, toko, dan mal. Hal ini tidak lepas dari keberadaan pusat pemerintahan di kota yang pada gilirannya mendorong masyarakat untuk lebih banyak melakukan transaksi perdagangan.
- Pusat Pendidikan, Kesehatan, Peribadatan, Rekreasi dan Olahraga Penduduk kota memiliki latar belakang yang beragam, sehingga muncul keperluan yang pula, mulai dari aspek pendidikan, kesehatan, peribadatan, rekreasi, dan olahraga. Maka, lahan di kawasan ini juga dimanfaatkan untuk sekolah, klinik atau rumah sakit, tempat ibadah, tempat kebugaran, dan sarana hiburan.
Penulis: Syaima Sabine Fasawwa
Editor: Abdul Hadi
Artikel Asli : https://tirto.id/tata-ruang-kota-dan-struktur-keruangannya-karakteristik-aspeknya-gnk8
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